Biodegradable polymers from plants used in tissue regeneration and drug delivery
24 February 2010
A new type of biodegradable polymer made from non-food plant material has applications as diverse as food packaging to tissue regeneration, medical stitches and drug delivery.
The degradable polymer is made from plant sugars known as lignocellulosic biomass, which come from non-food crops such as fast-growing trees and grasses, or renewable biomass from agricultural or food waste.
The material is being developed at Imperial College London by a team of scientists from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and Imperial College spin-out BioCeramic Therapeutics.
The search for greener plastics, especially for single-use items such as food packaging, is the subject of significant research worldwide. “It’s spurred on not only from an environmental perspective, but also for economic and supply reasons,” explains team leader Dr Charlotte Williams.
Around 7% of worldwide oil and gas resources are consumed in plastics manufacture, with worldwide production exceeding 150 million tonnes per year. Almost 99% of plastics are formed from fossil fuels.
“Our key breakthrough was in finding a way of using a non-food crop to form a polymer, as there are ethical issues around using food sources in this way,” said Williams.
Current biorenewable plastics use crops such as corn or sugar beet. The leading example is poly(lactic acid) which derives from lactic acid, produced by fermentation of corn or sugar beet. These biorenewable plastics are different to biopolymers, which are naturally occurring polymers such as starch or cellulose — which are not plastic materials.
The chemical name for the compostable polymer is Poly(acetic acid-5-acetoxy-6-oxo-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yl-methyl ester) and copoly(lactic acid-ran-acetic acid-5-acetoxy-6-oxo-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yl-methyl ester). The polymer was discovered and developed by Dr Min Tang and Dr Anita Haider in their doctoral research.
“For the plastic to be useful it had to be manufactured in large volumes, which was technically challenging. It took three-and-a-half years for us to hit a yield of around 80% in a low energy, low water use process,” explains Dr Williams.
This is significant as the leading biorenewable plastic, polylactide, is formed in a high energy process requiring large volumes of water. In addition, when it reaches the end of its life polylactide must be degraded in a high-temperature industrial facility.
In contrast, the oxygen-rich sugars in the new polymer allow it to absorb water and degrade to harmless products — meaning it can be tossed on the home compost heap and used to feed the garden.
Because the new polymer can be made from cheap materials or waste products its production is also economic compared to petrochemical-based plastics.
The polymer has a wide range of properties, making it suitable for more than a replacement for plastic packaging. Its degradable properties make it ideal for specialised medical applications. The polymer has been shown to be non-toxic to cells and decomposes in the body creating harmless by-products.
The research team — including commercial partner BioCeramic Therapeutics, which was set up by Professor Molly Stevens and colleagues at Imperial College — are investigating ways of using the material as artificial scaffolds for tissue regeneration. They are also focusing on exploiting the degradable properties of the material to release drugs into the body in a controlled way.
“The development of the material is very promising and I’m optimistic that the technology could be in use within two to five years,” says Williams, who is already working with a number of commercial partners and is keen to engage others interested in the material.